Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Norman RE, Ferrari AJ…Scott JG. JAACAP. Published online: 4 August 2016.
This review of 98 studies showed that Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was associated with a number of adverse long-term outcomes including academic achievement (e.g. failure to complete high school [OR: 3.7, 2.0-7.0]), other mental and substance use disorders (e.g. depression [OR: 2.3, 1.5-3.7]), criminality (e.g. arrest [OR: 2.4, 1.5-3.8]), and employment (e.g. unemployment [OR: 2.0, 1.0-3.9]). Similarly Conduct Disorder was associated with outcomes relating to academic achievement (e.g. failure to complete high school [OR: 2.7, 1.5-4.7]), other mental and substance use disorders (e.g. illicit drug use [OR: 2.1, 1.7-2.6]), and criminality (e.g. violence [OR: 3.5, 2.3-5.3]).