The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: I: The incidence and course of PTSD.
Yule W, Bolton D, Udwin O, Boyle S, O’Ryan D, Nurrish J. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000 May;41(4):503-11.
This paper compares the long-term progress of 87 young adults who survived a shipping disaster (the sinking of the “Jupiter” in Greek waters-between 5 and 8 years previously) in comparison with a group of 87 individuals who did not experience a similar traumatic event. Over half of the trauma survivors developed PTSD vs 3.4% of the control group. Most developed PTSD within 6 months of the disaster and a third continued to experience symptoms 5-8 years later.