Is caffeine during pregnancy as bad as alcohol?  This study using data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study that included over 11,000 children aged 9-11 years found that higher levels of prenatal caffeine exposure were associated with greater rates of externalizing problems in children.

Zhang, R., Manza, P., & Volkow, N. D. (2022). Prenatal caffeine exposure: association with neurodevelopmental outcomes in 9‐to 11‐year‐old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(5), 563-578.

https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcpp.13495?campaign=woletoc